PostgreSQL Storage

Database

PostgreSQL Storage

PostgreSQL offers enterprise-grade reliability, concurrent access, and scalability. It's the recommended choice for production applications requiring high availability and performance.

Overview

PostgreSQL is a powerful, open-source object-relational database system known for its robustness, extensibility, and standards compliance. Open LangGraph Server uses PostgreSQL for enterprise-grade data persistence.

Characteristics

🏢 Enterprise-grade - Full ACID compliance and reliability
🔄 Concurrent access - Multiple simultaneous connections
📈 Scalable - Handles high-throughput applications
🌐 Distributed - Supports clustering and replication

Configuration

# Connection string
DATABASE_URL=postgresql://username:password@localhost:5432/langgraph_db

# Enable initialization (only on first run)
DATABASE_INIT=true

# Optional: Connection pool settings
DATABASE_POOL_SIZE=10
DATABASE_SSL=true

Setup

Prerequisites

You need to have a PostgreSQL database ready. Open LangGraph Server will automatically create the required tables when you first run your application.

Configuration

# Connection string to your PostgreSQL database
DATABASE_URL=postgresql://username:password@localhost:5432/your_database

# Enable initialization (only on first run)
DATABASE_INIT=true

Initialize Schema

Open LangGraph Server automatically creates the required tables on first run:

# Set DATABASE_INIT=true for initial setup
export DATABASE_INIT=true

# Run your application once to create tables
npm run dev

# Remove the init flag for subsequent runs
unset DATABASE_INIT

Schema Details

Core Tables

checkpoints

CREATE TABLE checkpoints (
    thread_id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
    checkpoint_ns TEXT,
    checkpoint_id TEXT,
    parent_checkpoint_id TEXT,
    type TEXT,
    checkpoint BYTEA,
    metadata BYTEA
);

threads

CREATE TABLE threads (
    thread_id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
    status TEXT,
    created_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT NOW(),
    updated_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT NOW(),
    metadata JSONB
);

checkpoint_writes

CREATE TABLE checkpoint_writes (
    thread_id TEXT,
    checkpoint_ns TEXT,
    checkpoint_id TEXT,
    task_id TEXT,
    idx INTEGER,
    channel TEXT,
    type TEXT,
    value BYTEA,
    PRIMARY KEY (thread_id, checkpoint_ns, checkpoint_id, task_id, idx)
);

Connection Pooling

Open LangGraph Server automatically handles connection pooling. You can customize it:

// Custom pool configuration (if needed)
process.env.DATABASE_POOL_SIZE = '20';
process.env.DATABASE_SSL = 'true';
process.env.DATABASE_MAX_IDLE_TIME = '30000';

Pool Configuration Options

DATABASE_POOL_SIZE: Maximum number of connections (default: 10)
DATABASE_SSL: Enable SSL connections (default: false)
DATABASE_MAX_IDLE_TIME: Maximum idle time in ms (default: 30000)
DATABASE_MAX_LIFETIME: Maximum connection lifetime in ms

Performance Characteristics

Metric	PostgreSQL Performance
Read Latency	1-10ms
Write Latency	5-50ms
Concurrent Connections	100-1000+
Max Database Size	Unlimited (practical: 100s TB)
Memory Usage	256MB - 64GB+

Use Cases

Perfect for:

Production applications - Enterprise-grade reliability
High-traffic websites - Handles thousands of concurrent users
Multi-tenant platforms - Strong isolation and security
Enterprise applications - Advanced features and compliance

Best Practices

Use connection pooling - Configure appropriate pool size for your workload
Enable SSL - Use DATABASE_SSL=true for encrypted connections
Regular backups - Implement automated backup strategies
Monitor performance - Track database metrics and query performance

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